Social influence in the darknet market: The impact of product descriptions on cocaine sales.

BACKGROUND: The rise of the darknet market, supported by technologies such as the Tor Browser and cryptocurrencies, has created a secure environment in which illicit transactions can occur. However, due to the lack of government oversight in this hidden online domain, darknet markets face significant challenges in upholding social order. Hence, this study explores the social dynamics that promote social order in a darknet market, focusing on the impact of item descriptions on sales. In particular, the study examines how text contained in product listings can influence sales and contribute to social order. METHOD: To conduct this analysis, we examined 4160 cocaine listings on AlphaBay, which was active from December 2014 to July 2017 and is one of the largest darknet markets in history. Using generalised additive models (GAMs), we assessed the impact of various listing description features, including content and semantic structure, on cocaine sales. RESULTS: The results showed that sales increased by 61.6 % when listings included delivery information in their description, compared to offers that did not. In addition, the standardised sentiment score (ranging 0,1) of the product description increased positively, and estimated sales increased by 260.5 %. We also found that international shipping reduced sales by 28.3 %. Finally, we found that listings stating the product origin increased sales for all continents except Asia. CONCLUSION: The study sheds light on the characteristics of product advertising that facilitate social order within a darknet market. Listings that include delivery details in the description reduce uncertainty about a critical stage of the transaction process while using positive language increases trust. This study makes both an empirical and a theoretical contribution by demonstrating the influence of ad descriptions on sales and the intricate role of social influences in shaping market order.

The relationship between cryptomarket drug purchase, social networks and adverse drug events: A cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: Drug use and trading are typically social activities; however, supply through cryptomarkets can occur without any in-person social contact. People who use drugs alone may be at higher risk of experiencing harms, for example, due to lack of others who may call for emergency assistance. Alternatively, cryptomarkets may be a source of harm reduction information and drugs with better-known content and dose, potentially reducing the risk of adverse events. This study examines relationships between cryptomarket use, drug-using social networks and adverse drug events for MDMA, cocaine and LSD. METHOD: A subsample of 23,053 respondents from over 70 countries was collected in the 2018 Global Drug Survey. People who reported using MDMA, cocaine or LSD were asked about using cryptomarkets to purchase these drugs; any adverse drug events requiring medical treatment (combining seeking treatment and should have sought treatment but did not); and social networks who they had used the specific drug with. All measures referred to the last 12 months, hereon referred to as 'recent'. Binary logistic regressions examined relationships between cryptomarket use, drug-using social networks, and adverse drug events, controlling for age, gender, and frequency of drug use. RESULTS: Adverse events from any drug type were low (5.2%) and for each drug; MDMA (3.5%); cocaine (3.3%); and LSD (3.5%). After controlling for covariates, recent cryptomarket use was associated with increased likelihood of having no drug-using network for each drug type. People who recently used cryptomarkets were more likely to report adverse cocaine (AOR = 1.70 (1.22-2.37)) and LSD (AOR = 1.58 (1.12-2.09)) events. For those reporting a network size >1, network characteristics did not differ with recent cryptomarket use; however, those reporting recent cryptomarket use were more likely to report adverse LSD events (AOR = 1.86 (0.99-3.51)). CONCLUSION: People who reported purchasing drugs from cryptomarkets more commonly reported having no drug-using network, and cryptomarket purchase was associated with reported adverse events. Our results support the notion that cryptomarket use increases drug-related harm, but further disentanglement of multiple complex mechanisms is needed in future research.

Understanding and preventing the advertisement and sale of illicit drugs to young people through social media: A multidisciplinary scoping review.

ISSUES: The sale of illicit drugs online has expanded to mainstream social media apps. These platforms provide access to a wide audience, especially children and adolescents. Research is in its infancy and scattered due to the multidisciplinary aspects of the phenomena. APPROACH: We present a multidisciplinary systematic scoping review on the advertisement and sale of illicit drugs to young people. Peer-reviewed studies written in English, Spanish and French were searched for the period 2015 to 2022. We extracted data on users, drugs studied, rate of posts, terminology used and study methodology. KEY FINDINGS: A total of 56 peer-reviewed papers were included. The analysis of these highlights the variety of drugs advertised and platforms used to do so. Various methodological designs were considered. Approaches to detecting illicit content were the focus of many studies as algorithms move from detecting drug-related keywords to drug selling behaviour. We found that on average, for the studies reviewed, 13 in 100 social media posts advertise illicit drugs. However, popular platforms used by adolescents are rarely studied. IMPLICATIONS: Promotional content is increasing in sophistication to appeal to young people, shifting towards healthy, glamourous and seemingly legal depictions of drugs. Greater inter-disciplinary collaboration between computational and qualitative approaches are needed to comprehensively study the sale and advertisement of illegal drugs on social media across different platforms. This requires coordinated action from researchers, policy makers and service providers.

Environmental scanning of cocaine trafficking in Brazil: Evidence from geospatial intelligence and natural language processing methods.

Cocaine trafficking threatens countries' national security and is a major public health challenge. Cocaine is transported from producer countries to consumer markets using various routes, methods, and transportation means. These routes develop in the geographical environment, are carefully planned and are geo-strategic objects that respond to the opportunities that drug trafficking organisations (DTOs) find to reduce the risks of interdiction. In this sense, individual drug seizure data (IDS) become essential indicators for identifying trends and understanding trafficking flows associated with drug trafficking routes. However, due to the illicit nature of DTOs, the availability of these data is considerably limited, hindering the ability to analyse and identify trends. This study presents a methodology for collecting and processing data from open-source information reported by Brazil's federal government news website. Using geospatial intelligence and natural language processing methods, we created a dataset with 939 records and 44 variables related to cocaine seizures in Brazil in 2022. We applied geospatial analysis techniques from this dataset to identify trends and potential cocaine trafficking flows. The results were broadly consistent with existing literature on drug trafficking. They demonstrated the potential of open-source information for environmental scanning and knowledge generation through geographic information science. The approach proposed in our research provides tools that can be used to complement drug trafficking monitoring and formulate public policies to strengthen prevention and enforcement strategies.

'We never thought this would be considered drug trafficking': International finance rules, policy space and Uruguay's regulation of recreational cannabis.

ABSTRACTFollowing landmark legislation in 2013, Uruguay became the first country to regulate the legal production, distribution and sale of recreational cannabis. While broader debates anticipated the significance of the UN drug conventions, the extent to which Uruguay's drug treaty obligations shaped regulation is unclear and the relevance of finance norms has been neglected. Drawing on institutionalist and governance theories, this study explores how international drug and finance regulations limited Uruguay's policy space to implement cannabis regulation, and how this was perceived by policy actors. Policy documents and 43 semi-structured interviews were thematically analysed. The analysis demonstrates how Uruguay's drug treaty obligations were less directly constraining to policy space compared to international finance norms, including the US Patriot Act, anti-money laundering standards and financial inclusion practices. Such norms exerted powerful influence over Uruguay's ability to implement aspects of cannabis supply that interact with broader financial systems, allowing banks to terminate business relationships with clients deemed as high risks for money laundering. The Uruguayan case suggests that financial regulations at diverse levels are likely to constrain policy space in other contexts where the market-based policies of cannabis regulation raise tensions with a narrowly constructed risk management principle in approaches to financial supply.

The most practical diagnostic imaging for detecting body packers during the drug trafficking: Ultrasonography.

INTRODUCTION: Body packing is one of the most common methods used in the transboundary trafficking of illicit drugs. These drugs are packaged in capsules and taken orally or inserted into the rectum or vagina. Its diagnosis is, therefore, difficult. Methods like x-ray, ultrasonography, and computed tomography (CT) are usually used to diagnose body packers. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic power and feasibility of ultrasonography as a diagnostic tool in patients who have a suspicion of being body packers. METHODS: This study is designed as a prospective and single-centered case-control study in the emergency department of a training and research hospital. Cases admitted to the emergency department with suspicion of being a body packer were included in the study. The data obtained was recorded on the study form. p < 0.05 was accepted as statistically significant. RESULTS: One hundred and one patients were included in the study; 76.2% (n = 77) were male. Packages were detected in 56.5% (n = 57) of the cases. Ultrasonography was found to be significantly useful in evaluating the presence of intra-abdominal packages. Ultrasonography had 92.4% sensitivity and 97.8% specificity in evaluating the presence of packs. CONCLUSION: CT is frequently used to diagnose patients admitted to the emergency departments with suspected body packing. In our study, ultrasonography is an advantageous imaging method, given its success rate, radiation-free nature, and low cost. We have found ultrasonography to be a successful imaging modality in examining patients suspected of being body packers for the presence of packs, and it can replace CT in clinics.

O gestar em prisões por traficantes de drogas / Gestation of women in prisons by drug trafficking / Gestación de mujeres detenidas por tráfico de drogas

Objetivo: Descrever a experiência da gestação no ambiente prisional de mulheres inseridas no tráfico de drogas Método: Estudo descritivo-exploratório com abordagem qualitativa, realizado em Cadeia Pública mato-grossense. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram as mulheres em regime de detenção provisória ou condenadas que estivessem com gestação em curso de 12 a 36semanas. A coleta de dados ocorreu em 2019, por meio de entrevista, semiestruturada,áudio gravada, com posterior análise de conteúdo. Resultados: Todas as mulheres foram detidas por tráfico de drogas, e utilizavam substâncias psicoativas anteriores ao encarceramento devido a ruptura dos laços familiares e/ou influência de parceiros afetivos. A gestação atual não foi planejada, e foi acompanhada da separação dos outros filhos, além da ansiedade e angústia que ascercam pela expectativa do parto e amamentação no ambiente prisional, seguidos da separação da criança que irá nascer após a lactação. Isso fez verbalizassem o anseio por buscar mudanças e melhoria de vida no futuro. Conclusão: É necessária a incorporação de práticas assistenciais humanizadas no cuidado às mulheres que vivenciam a maternidade em situação de prisão, que poderão auxiliar para a efetivação da ressocialização, além de contribuir para o fortalecimento familiar.

Objective: To describe the experience of pregnancy in the prison environment of women involved in drug trafficking. Method: Descriptive-exploratory study with a qualitative approach, carried out in a public jail in Mato Grosso. The research subjects were women in provisional detention or condemned who were with gestation in course of 12 to 36 weeks. Data collection took place in 2019, through semi-structured recorded audio interviews, with subsequent content analysis. Results: All women were arrested for drug trafficking, and used psychoactive substances prior to incarceration due to the rupture of family ties and/or the influence of affective partners. The current pregnancy was not planned, and was accompanied by the separation of the other children, in addition to the anxiety and anguish that surround them with the expectation of childbirth and breastfeeding in the prison environment, followed by the separation of the child who will be born after lactation. This made them expresses their desire to seek changes and improve their lives in the future. Conclusion: It is necessary to incorporate humanized care practices in the care of women who experience motherhood in a situation of prison, which may help to carryout resocialization, in addition to contributing to family strengthening.

Objetivo: Describir la experiencia del embarazo en el ámbito carcelario de mujeres involucradas en el tráfico de drogas. Método: Estudio descriptivo-exploratorio con enfoque cualitativo, realizado en una cárcel pública de Mato Grosso. Los sujetos de investigación fueron mujeres en prisión,provisional o condenadas, que se encontraban en gestación en curso de 12 a 36 semanas. La recolección de datos tuvo lugar en 2019, mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas grabadas en audio, con posterior análisis de contenido. Resultados: Todas las mujeres fueron detenidas por tráfico de drogas y consumieron sustancias psicoactivas antes de su encarcelamiento por ruptura de lazos familiares y/o influencia de parejas afectivas. El embarazo actual no fue planeado, y estuvo acompañado de la separación de los otros niños, además de la ansiedad y angustia que los envuelve con la expectativa del parto y la lactancia en el ambiente carcelario,seguido de la separación del niño que nacerá luego de la lactancia. Esto les hizo expresar su deseo de buscar cambios y mejorar sus vidas en el futuro. Conclusión: Es necesario incorporar prácticas de atención humanizada en el cuidado delas mujeres que experimentan la maternidad en situación de prisión, que puedan ayudara llevar a cabo la resocialización, además de contribuir al fortalecimiento familiar.

Modeling Opioid Abuse: A Case Study of the Opioid Crisis in New England.

For the past two decades, the USA has been embroiled in a growing prescription drug epidemic. The ripples of this epidemic have been especially apparent in the state of Maine, which has fought hard to mitigate the damage caused by addiction to pharmaceutical and illicit opioids. In this study, we construct a mathematical model of the opioid epidemic incorporating novel features important to better understanding opioid abuse dynamics. These features include demographic differences in population susceptibility, general transmission expressions, and combined consideration of pharmaceutical opioid and heroin abuse. We demonstrate the usefulness of this model by calibrating it with data for the state of Maine. Model calibration is accompanied by sensitivity and uncertainty analysis to quantify potential error in parameter estimates and forecasts. The model is analyzed to determine the mechanisms most influential to the number of opioid abusers and to find effective ways of controlling opioid abuse prevalence. We found that the mechanisms most influential to the overall number of abusers in Maine are those involved in illicit pharmaceutical opioid abuse transmission. Consequently, preventative strategies that controlled for illicit transmission were more effective over alternative approaches, such as treatment. These results are presented with the hope of helping to inform public policy as to the most effective means of intervention.

Perceptions of Illicit Tobacco Sources Following a Proposed Reduction in Tobacco Availability: A Qualitative Analysis of New Zealanders Who Smoke.

INTRODUCTION: Tobacco companies claim that substantially reducing tobacco retail outlets in Aotearoa New Zealand will increase illicit tobacco trade and crime. However, we know little about whether people who smoke anticipate using illicit tobacco once this measure is implemented. Exploring current illicit tobacco use and expected market development would clarify the likely scale of this potential problem. AIMS AND METHODS: We undertook online in-depth interviews with 24 adults who smoke and explored their experiences of illicit tobacco, perceptions of illicit market growth once legal tobacco became less available, intentions to engage in this market, and potential measures that could curb illicit market development. We interpreted the data using a qualitative descriptive approach. RESULTS: Few participants had purchased illegally imported or stolen tobacco. While most did not know how to access illicit tobacco products, many expected illicit trade and crime would increase, if legal tobacco became difficult to access. While cheaper tobacco appealed to many, most perceived illicit supply routes as unsafe and saw products obtained via these sources as likely to be of poor quality. Few suggested measures to control illicit markets, though a minority called for social reforms to reduce poverty, which they thought fueled illegal practices. CONCLUSIONS: Although illicit trade may appear to threaten new policy initiatives, participants' limited knowledge of these markets and concerns regarding product safety suggest illegal tobacco may pose less of a threat than tobacco companies have claimed. Policy makers should not be deterred from reducing tobacco availability by industry arguments. IMPLICATIONS: Although participants believed illicit trade would increase if the number of tobacco retailers was substantially reduced, few anticipated purchasing illegal tobacco. They viewed supply routes as unsafe and product quality as likely to be low. Industry predictions that illicit tobacco trade will grow if tobacco becomes less available do not reflect how people who smoke expect to engage with these markets and should not deter the introduction of retail reduction measures.

Continuous time-interaction processes for population size estimation, with an application to drug dealing in Italy.

We introduce a time-interaction point process where the occurrence of an event can increase (self-excitement) or reduce (self-correction) the probability of future events. Self-excitement and self-correction are allowed to be triggered by the same event, at different timescales; other effects such as those of covariates, unobserved heterogeneity, and temporal dependence are also allowed in the model. We focus on capture-recapture data, as our work is motivated by an original example about the estimation of the total number of drug dealers in Italy. To do so, we derive a conditional likelihood formulation where only subjects with at least one capture are involved in the inference process. The result is a novel and flexible continuous-time population size estimator. A simulation study and the analysis of our motivating example illustrate the validity of our approach in several scenarios.

"I Sometimes Pretended to Get Groceries": Restrictive Deterrence in Drug Dealing.

Despite steady progress in drug control work, drug-related crimes are ranked third in the total number of criminal cases in China. Based on in-depth interviews with 24 offenders who are now incarcerated for drug offenses, this paper examines the strategies employed by drug offenders to evade detection and mitigate their punishment for drug dealing. Their most frequently-used strategies focus on filtering out risky people, ensuring information asymmetry and knowing when to stop. Exploring how offenders adapt their behavior in response to punishment helps to further our understanding of crime commission and control.

The socio-economic context of entry and exit from retail drug dealing: Exploring the narratives of Nigerian dealers.

BACKGROUND: There is a significant body of research that shows how economic decline, poor livelihood conditions and limited employment opportunities influence entry into retail drug distribution. Available research, however, neglects the lived experiences and accounts of these dynamics and how they inform exit from the trade, especially in African countries. This study explores the socio-economic context of entry and exit from retail drug distribution in Nigeria. METHODS: Data were gathered through in-depth interviews with 31 male retail drug dealers (aged 26-45 years) in Uyo, Nigeria. They were recruited via snowball sampling from diverse drug networks in the city. Recorded interviews were transcribed verbatim, and a framework approach was applied to code and analyse the data. RESULTS: Most participants took up retail drug trade as a means of income generation under difficult socio-economic conditions. Others entered the trade as part of a youthful search for social autonomy or to pursue entrepreneurial opportunities, although economic conditions formed the wider backdrop of their choices. Participants' social networks, including friends and relations, facilitated their entry into drug trade through linkages to suppliers. For many, the drug trade was seen as offering limited scope for social and economic mobility. This made them to aspire to quit the trade, with some seeing it as a pathway to legitimate livelihoods. Exit prospects were constrained by limited social support and entrenchment in the drug economy. CONCLUSIONS: Since socio-economic conditions are central to both entry and exit from drug trade, these should form the focus of policies addressing retail drug distribution. A development-based approach to policy that seeks to guarantee social and economic rights through the realization of key sustainable development goals offer potential to curb retail drug distribution in Nigeria.

Parental experiences of the impact of grooming and criminal exploitation of children for county lines drug trafficking.

BACKGROUND: County lines is used to describe the illicit drug supply model whereby drugs are transported from one area of the country to another, often by children believed to have been physically and psychologically coerced to do so. County lines is a serious threat to public health, with significant negative impacts on the physical and psychological health and wellbeing of children and families. METHODS: We conducted in-depth interviews with parents of children involved in county lines to understand their experiences and the impact of grooming and recruitment. Interviews were conducted between December 2019 and January 2021. Thematic analysis identified four primary themes: (i) out of nowhere behaviour change, (ii) escalation and entrenchment, (iii) impact of intervention failures and (iv) destructive lifestyle choices. RESULTS: Parents from across England all reported similar experiences, and so these data offer novel insight into potential grooming and recruitment indicators. All were frustrated by the prevailing vulnerable narrative, which they argued hindered understanding. A lack of consultation, and reports of numerous intervention failures was common. CONCLUSION: The importance of giving parents a voice and involving them as a potential first line of defence, and how the current vulnerability narrative appears to be closing impactful education opportunities are discussed.

Encarceramento feminino: um debate entre criminologia e perspectivas feministas / Female incarceration: a debate between criminology and feminist perspectives / Encarcelamiento femenino: un debate entre la criminología y las perspectivas feministas

Este ensaio teórico-reflexivo tem como objetivo discutir sobre as contribuições dos estudos da criminologia e sua crítica para as diversas formas de aprisionamento feminino, e mais atualmente para o encarceramento em massa no sistema prisional, além de abrir espaço para o debate sobre as diferentes perspectivas feministas e as relações com os estudos criminológicos, sobretudo com os posicionamentos da chamada criminologia crítica. Reconhecem-se importantes avanços e conquistas feministas no debate sobre a estruturação masculinizada do direito penal e do seu fazer jurídico, mas também a manutenção de diversas formas de violência de gênero que configuram um sistema penal antropocêntrico, seletivo, racista e discriminatório. Indica-se a urgência de estudos interseccionais que considerem as particularidades e reinvindicações das mulheres no cárcere e suas formas de militância, sobretudo diante de população carcerária feminina composta majoritariamente por mulheres negras, pobres e periféricas. Faz-se visível a necessidade de uma análise dos fatores que atravessam o encarceramento feminino por uma ótica feminista plural, adequada às realidades que se estudam e atenta às múltiplas perspectivas que podem existir dentro do feminismo.(AU)

This theoretical-reflexive essay aims to discuss the contributions of criminological studies and their critique of the various forms of imprisonment of women, and more recently of mass incarceration in the prison system, in addition to opening space for the debate on the different feminist perspectives and their relations with criminological studies, especially with the positions of the so-called critical criminology. Important feminist advances and conquests are recognized in the debate about the masculinized structure of penal law and its legal practice, but also the maintenance of diverse forms of gender violence that configure an anthropocentric, selective, racist, and discriminatory penal system. It indicates the urgency of intersectional studies that consider the particularities and claims of women in prison and their forms of militancy, especially in the face of the female prison population composed mostly of black, poor, and peripheral women. The need for an analysis of the factors that cross women's imprisonment from a plural feminist perspective, adequate to the realities under study and attentive to the multiple perspectives that may exist within feminism, becomes visible.(AU)

Este ensayo teórico-reflexivo pretende discutir las aportaciones de los estudios criminológicos y su crítica a las distintas formas de encarcelamiento femenino, y más recientemente de encarcelamiento masivo en el sistema penitenciario, además de generar debate sobre las distintas perspectivas feministas y sus relaciones con los estudios criminológicos, especialmente con las posiciones de la Criminología Crítica. Se reconocen importantes avances y logros feministas en el debate sobre la estructuración masculinizada del derecho penal y su práctica jurídica, además del mantenimiento de diversas formas de violencia de género que configuran un sistema penal antropocéntrico, selectivo, racista y discriminatorio. Se necesitan estudios interseccionales que consideren las particularidades y reivindicaciones de las mujeres en prisión y sus formas de militancia, principalmente ante la población penitenciaria femenina compuesta mayoritariamente por mujeres negras, pobres y periféricas. Se hace evidente la necesidad de analizar los factores que inciden en el encarcelamiento femenino desde una perspectiva feminista plural, adecuada a las realidades que se estudian y atenta a las múltiples perspectivas que pueden existir dentro del feminismo.(AU)

Vagalumes e biografemas: poéticas e políticas públicas no desligamento institucional por maioridade / Fireflies and biographems: poetics and public policies regarding institutional removal due to adulthood / Luciérnagas y biografemas: poéticas y políticas públicas en desconexión institucional debido a la edad adulta

Este artigo versa sobre o processo de desligamento institucional por maioridade de jovens que residem em serviços de acolhimento. Aposta-se em uma política do sensível para visibilizar os encontros e desencontros que acontecem entre as e os jovens e as políticas públicas brasileiras. Para tanto, realizaram-se encontros com jovens que já haviam passado pelo processo de desligamento e com jovens que logo completariam 18 anos e teriam de sair das instituições de acolhimento. Para tornar visíveis essas existências, investiu-se na escrita de biografemas, inspirados na obra de Roland Barthes. Os conceitos de necropolítica e vidas precárias foram fundamentais para compreender as omissões do Estado no momento do desligamento. Verificou-se que o Estado pode maximizar a precariedade de algumas vidas, especialmente daquelas marcadas por características de raça, gênero e classe culturalmente marginalizados. Contudo, é também o encontro com as políticas públicas que garante melhores condições de vida para alguns, facilitando o acesso à universidade e ao mercado de trabalho. A pesquisa aponta que, diante do abandono, as e os jovens se fazem vagalumes, produzindo luminosidades em meio à escuridão e reivindicando o direito à vida.(AU)

This article discusses the process of institutional removal of young people that reside in foster care institutions for reaching adulthood. It relies on a politics of the sensitive to make visible the encounters and mismatches that take place between young people and Brazilian public policies. To do so, meetings were held with young people who had already experienced the removal process and with young people who would soon turn 18 and would have to leave the host institutions. To make these existences visible, this study invested in the writing of biographems, inspired by the works of Roland Barthes. The concepts of necropolitics and precarious lives were fundamental to understand the omissions of the State at the time of removal. It was also found that the State can maximize the precariousness of some lives, especially those marked by culturally marginalized race, gender, and class characteristics. However, it is also the encounter with public policies that ensures better living conditions for some, facilitating access to the university and the labor market. This research points out that, in the face of abandonment, young people become fireflies, producing luminosity amid the darkness and claiming the right to life.(AU)

Este artículo aborda el proceso de desconexión institucional justificado por la edad adulta de los jóvenes que residen en los servicios de acogida. Utilizamos una política sensible para hacer visibles las reuniones y los desajustes que tienen lugar entre los jóvenes y las políticas públicas brasileñas. Con este fin, se celebraron reuniones con los jóvenes que ya habían pasado por el proceso de desconexión institucional y también con los jóvenes que pronto cumplirían los 18 años y tendrían que abandonar las instituciones de acogida. Para hacer visibles estas existencias, se redactaron biografemas, inspirados en el trabajo de Roland Barthes. Los conceptos de necropolítica y vida precaria fueron fundamentales para comprender las omisiones del Estado en el momento de la desconexión. Se encontró que el Estado puede maximizar la precariedad de algunas vidas, principalmente de aquellas marcadas por características de raza, género y clase culturalmente marginadas. Sin embargo, el encuentro con las políticas también puede garantizar mejores condiciones de vida para algunos, facilitándoles el acceso a la universidad y al mercado laboral. Esta investigación señala que, ante el abandono, los jóvenes se convierten en luciérnagas, produciendo luminosidad en medio de la oscuridad y reclamando el derecho a la vida.(AU)

Vivências de trabalho precoce de adolescentes em medida socioeducativa / Experience of child labor of adolescents complying with a social-educational measure / Vivencias de trabajo infantil de adolescentes en medidas socioeducativas

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar a vivência de trabalho precoce de adolescentes e jovens em cumprimento de medida socioeducativa, no estado da Paraíba. Os instrumentos utilizados foram um Questionário Mosquito Diagnóstico e uma Entrevista Semiestruturada. A análise foi realizada com o software Iramuteq, (Interface de R pour les Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires), através da Análise Hierárquica Descendente, que gerou seis classes: significado do trabalho; infância e escola; condições objetivas de vida; trabalho, drogas e ato infracional; consequências do trabalho infantil; e trabalho infantojuvenil. A perspectiva teórica utilizada foi a psicologia histórico-cultural e os dados discutidos a partir do conceito de vivência. Conclui-se que as vivências e situações sociais de desenvolvimento foram caracterizadas pelo trabalho precoce que oportunizou o envolvimento com atos infracionais e as instituições responsáveis pela garantia de direitos em vez de garantir a proteção social, criminalizaram por meio de medidas socioeducativas.(AU)

This article aims to analyze the experience of child labor of adolescents and youngsters that are complying a social-educational measure, in the State of Paraíba. The instruments utilized were a Questionnaire Mosquito Diagnóstico and a Semi-Structured Interview. The analysis was performed by using the Iramuteq software (Interface de R pour les Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires), by using Descending Hierarchical Analysis, which generated six classes: meaning of labor; childhood and school; objective conditions of life; labor, drugs, and act of infraction; consequences of child labor; and child labor. The theoretical perspective used was historical-cultural psychology and the data were discussed from the concept of experience. It was concluded that the experiences and social situations of development were characterized by child labor, which enabled the involvement with acts of infraction; and the institutions responsible for guaranteeing rights, instead of guaranteeing social protection, criminalized by using social-educational measures.(AU)

Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la vivencia precoz de adolescentes y jóvenes que cumplen medidas socioeducativas en el estado de Paraíba (Brasil). Los instrumentos utilizados fueron un Cuestionario Mosquito Diagnóstico y una entrevista semiestructurada. El análisis se realizó con el software Iramuteq (Interface de R pour les Multidimensionnelles Analyzes de Textes et de Questionnaires), mediante análisis jerárquico descendente, que generó seis clases: Significado del trabajo; Infancia y escuela; Condiciones objetivas de vida; Trabajo, drogas y acto de infracción; Consecuencias del trabajo infantil; y Trabajo infantojuvenil. La perspectiva teórica que se utilizó fue la psicología histórico-cultural, y los datos se discutieron desde el concepto de vivencia. Se concluye que las vivencias y situaciones sociales de desarrollo se caracterizaron por trabajo infantil que permitió la participación en infracciones y que las instituciones responsables de garantizar los derechos en lugar de la protección social los criminalizaron mediante medidas socioeducativas.(AU)

Percepções de mulheres companheiras de homens presos acerca da conjugalidade / Perceptions on conjugality of female partners of imprisoned men / Percepciones de mujeres parejas de hombres encarcelados acerca de la conyugalidad

Este estudo objetivou compreender a experiência de mulheres companheiras de homens privados de liberdade acerca da conjugalidade. Para tanto, realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa, em que participaram 12 mulheres companheiras de homens presos. Como instrumentos, utilizou-se um questionário de dados sociodemográficos e uma entrevista semiestruturada, a qual foi analisada por meio da Análise Temática. Os resultados encontrados demonstraram que as mulheres lançavam mão de diferentes estratégias para se manterem próximas de seus companheiros, engajando-se no tratamento penal deles, o que repercutiu em uma percepção de incremento da coesão conjugal. O compromisso assumido com seus relacionamentos mostrou-se relacionado, além do amor sentido pelos parceiros, a um desejo de manutenção do casamento e da família nuclear, além de evidenciar experiências de ciúme por parte dos homens. Dificuldades na comunicação, conflitos relacionados à insatisfação com o contexto prisional, além da falta de privacidade na intimidade e sexualidade do casal foram referidos pelas participantes.(AU)

This study aimed to understand the experience of conjugality of female partners of imprisoned men. Therefore, 12 female partners of imprisoned men participated in a qualitative study. The participants answered to a sociodemographic questionnaire and a semi-structured interview, which was analyzed via Thematic Analysis. The results showed that women used different strategies to stay close to their partners, engaging in their criminal treatment, which reflected in a perception of increased marital cohesion. The commitment to the relationship was related to the love felt towards the partners, the desire to maintain the marriage and the nuclear family, in addition to the experience of men's jealousy. Moreover, it was identified difficulties in communication, conflicts related to dissatisfaction with prison context, and lack of privacy related to couple's intimacy and sexuality.(AU)

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo comprender la experiencia de las mujeres parejas de hombres encarcelados sobre la conyugalidad. Para ello, se realizó una investigación cualitativa, en la cual participaron doce mujeres parejas de hombres encarcelados. El instrumento utilizado fue un cuestionario de datos sociodemográficos y una entrevista semiestructurada, la cual se aplicó el análisis temático. Los resultados encontrados demostraron que las mujeres usaban diferentes estrategias para mantenerse cerca de sus parejas, comprometiéndose en el tratamiento delictivo de ellos, lo que repercutió en una percepción de mayor cohesión marital. El compromiso asumido con sus relaciones se mostró relacionado, además del amor a los cónyuges, a un deseo de mantenimiento del matrimonio y del núcleo familiar, y reveló experiencias de celos por parte de los hombres. Las dificultades en la comunicación, los conflictos relacionados a la insatisfacción con el contexto carcelario, y la ausencia de privacidad en la intimidad y sexualidad de la pareja fueron mencionadas por las participantes.(AU)

Feminidades y masculinidades relacionadas con el tráfico de drogas en Sonora, México / Femininities and masculinities related to drug trafficking in Sonora, Mexico / Femininidades e masculinidades relacionadas ao tráfico de drogas em Sonora, México

Este estudio busca describir elementos de masculinidad y feminidad relacionados en el ingreso y el accionar en una actividad delictiva de alto impacto: el tráfico de drogas. Respetando una metodología cualitativa, se utilizó una entrevista semiestructurada a un grupo de personas que se dedicaron al tráfico de drogas en el estado de Sonora, México, dos mujeres y siete hombres, para explorar elementos de feminidad y masculinidad relacionados con el ingreso al tráfico de drogas en cuatro dimensiones: poder, economía, estética y cuerpo. Se muestra que los analizados buscan en el tráfico cumplir con modelos impuestos socialmente en función de su género; existen también diferenciaciones que sugieren una revalorización en sus maneras de ejercer el poder, sus metas económicas y el uso del cuerpo para obtener cuotas de poder.

This study seeks to describe elements of masculinity and femininity related to entering and acting in a high-impact criminal activity: drug trafficking. Following a qualitative methodology, a semi-structured interview was used with a group of people involved in drug trafficking in the state of Sonora, Mexico, two women and seven men, to explore elements of femininity and masculinity related to entering drug tra-fficking in four dimensions: power, economy, aesthetics and body. It is shown that those analyzed seek in trafficking to comply with socially imposed models based on their gender; there are also differentiations that suggest a revaluation in their ways of exercising power, their economic goals and the use of the body to obtain power quotas.

Este estudo procura descrever elementos de masculinidade e feminilidade relacionados à entrada e operação em uma atividade criminosa de alto impacto: o tráfico de drogas. Seguindo uma metodologia qualitativa, foi utilizada uma entrevista semi-estruturada com um grupo de pessoas envolvidas no tráfico de drogas no estado de Sonora, México, duas mulheres e sete homens, para explorar elementos de feminilidade e masculinidade relacionados ao ingresso no tráfico de drogas em quatro dimensões: poder, economia, estética e corpo. Mostra-se que os analisados procuram no tráfico cumprir modelos socialmente impostos com base em seu gênero; há também diferenciações que sugerem uma revalorização em suas formas de exercer o poder, seus objetivos econômicos e o uso do órgão para obter cotas de poder.